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Historical Terms EssayThe Agricultural Revolution was in like manner cognize as the Neolithic Revolution which occurred roughly roughly 10,000 B. C. It was a revolution that involved the work shift hunting-gathering societies into establishing permanent settlements and resort to agriculture and domestication. Hence, it initiated the development of civilization. The Cuneiform was probably the earliest form of writing upon which the Sumerians completed in the Mesopotamian area, as their civilization started to proliferate, near 3000 B. C.It was verbalise to have lasted for a few thousand days and while its use proliferated, the number of characters that it contained gradu wholey dwindled to a more manageable standard. The Ziggurat was a tabernacle tower which the Sumerians established that existed during Ancient Mesopotamiaalmost quite similar to the temples of Ancient America. There were established monuments for the local regions of Ancient Mesopotamia. It was essential ly a pyramidal structure with a top flata broadcast that served as a shrine or temple. It was elevated to several levels (around two to seven tiers as suggested).The formula of Hammurabi was an ancient law- cypher (set of societys patterns) which was created in Babylon around 1800-1700 B. C. It was to a fault enacted by Babylons sixth king, Hammurabi, upon which the codes name was derived from. It is just one of the several set of fundamental laws found in the about East to Middle Eastarea of Ancient Mesopotamia. Moses is a well-known biblical figure that exists in an array of religions. He was a Hebrew prophet who delivered the Hebrews from Egyptian Slavery and towards the Promised Land which was Israel although, it was said that he died before he reached Israel.He was well-known for the ten plagues of Egypt that forced the Pharaohhis stepbrotherinto freeing the Hebrews. He was by and by known for the Ten Commandments. Amenhotep IV was the 10th or 11th Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, die harding around 1300 B. C. It was suggested that he reigned around 1353 to 1336 B. C. He was too known as Akhenaten. In relation to his name, he was say to have obliged the population into accepting monotheism, the worship of Aten. He was not really the heir to the throne, at least not until his older brothers (Crown Prince Thutmose) death.Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, reigning from 1479 to 1458 B. C. She was known as the unyieldingest ruling female pharaoh of Egypt although, it was known in some historic sources that her reign was co-regent and that it was entailed in the reign of Thutmose lead. Her most notable achievement was probably the establishment of trade net whole kit in Egypt which apparently brought in riches for the 18th Dynasty. Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Zoroaster or Zarathustra, which can be traced in ancient Persia.It is considered as one of the worlds first monotheistic faith, as it exalted Ahura Mazda.. It was believed that many another(prenominal) concepts of the three study religions were derived from the scriptures of Zoroastrianism one of which is the belief on a universal God. Manichaeism was considered as one of the major(ip) Gnostic religions of ancient Persia. It said to have existed from the third to the seventh centuries, from as far as china to the Roman Empire. It received prosecutions from other unearthly cultures such as Buddhism, the Nazareneianity, and Zoroastrianism.Its main prophet was Mani who lived in Babylon. Its major concept described the struggle between light and darkness (good and evil). Cyrus the Great was a Persian faggot who established the Persian Empire below the Achaemenid dynasty, reigning from around 600 to 530 B. C. He started to build his empire by first fighting the Median Empire, therefore the Lydian Empire, and finally the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He alike led his armies into Central Asia and died in a bat tle against the Scythians before reaching Egypt. It was mentioned that he respected the cultures of the shore ups he conquered.Hence, this made him a productive emperor moth to the eyes of his community. Herodotus was a classic historian who lived around the fifth century B. C. In the occidental world, he was known as the father of history. He was the first to apply systematic collection of evidences and data. He usually writes about information regarding the nature of the world and the different sciences, as he would inform people in a narrative way. Sophocles lived from 496 to 406 B. C. and was notably an ancient classical Tragedian. Luckily, he was one of those Tragedians whose work survived long comme il faut for the modern world to see.His most famous works, which concerned Oedipus and Antigone, have been tackled in schools worldwide. He was overly the most-awarded playwright in Athens. river horsecrates lived from 460 to 370 B. C. He was known as one of the most astound ing figures of Medicine. He was also known as the Father of Medicine, having established the Hippocratic School of medicine that apparently revolutionized Ancient classic medicine, which enabled medicine to become a known and necessary profession. The Persian Wars is a series of a Greco-Persian conflicts that arose in 499 B. C. , lasting until around 448 B.C. It was basically the two Persian invasions of Greece which the Greek Alliance successfully repelled. It defined Greek dominance over the Persians. Homer was an Ancient Greek writer that created the epic poems, Illiad and Odyssey. His existence remained controversial as it was yet to be discovered. However, many believed that he existed during the time of the Trojan War, around 1194 to 1184 B. C. , which was the core setting of Illiad. Sophists were basically Ancient Greek teachers of writing, speech, and rhetoric that traveled across the country during the fifth century B. C.A developing demand for education during this centu ry paved the way to the establishment of a class of teachers and professionals that scattered all over Greece in order to educate people. Socrates was a well-known Classical Greek Philosopher that lived from 469 to 399 B. C. He was known to be one of the founders of Western philosophical system, oddly his contributions to the field of ethics by means of his most comprehensive accounts, the Platos dialogues. He was put to trial and executed by forcing him to drink poison and walking around the city. Sparta was a Greek city-state, renowned for its military dominance over its region in Greece.It was established as the bear upon of the Atheniansduring the Peloponnesian war. As a requirement of the governing body, all Spartan men were full-time soldiers, especially during the time of War. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher that lived from 384 to 322 B. C. He was a student of Plato, who later(prenominal) on became the teacher of horse parsley the Great of Macedonia. He was al so known as one of the Greek philosophers that established the foundations of Western Philosophy (other than Plato and Socrates). Galen of Pergamum was a Roman physician and apparently a Greek philosopher that lived from 129 to 200 A.D. He was known to be the most accomplished physician during the Roman era. His philosophies and theories influenced and dominated much of Western Medical Science. Archimedes was a Greek inventor that lived during 287 to 212 B. C. , known for his theories and foundations on hydrostatics. He was also regarded for his inventions which included an array of siege engines and equipments, and the screw pump, later known as the Archimedes screw. Pax Romana, also known as Pax Augusta, was a long peak of relative peace that Rome experienced during the first and second centuries A.D, around 27 B. C. to 180 A. D. It was proclaim by Caesar Augustus, and it suggested that Rome would go under a period of peace and non-expansion with generals beingness recalled aft er their victories. It met its block up at the death of Marcus Aurelius. Diocletian was the emperor of Roman from 284 to 305 A. D. The end of the third century crisis in Rome was signaled by the ascension of Diocletian to the seat of power. He refurbished the empire by separating and enlarging the empires civil and military services, assign three other leaders to control different regions.This was probably the largest and most bureaucratic government in Roman history. Virgil was a classical Roman poet who lived during 70 to 19 B. C. He was known for his three major works the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Aeneidwhich became Romes national epic. Born to a farmer who later lost their globe to soldiers, he engaged in farm work and studied poetry. His first two major works were said to have been influenced by rural life. Claudius Ptolemaeus was a Greco-Roman astronomer who lived from 90 to 168 A. D, living in Egypt which was under Roman control.He was an author of several discourse s including the Almagest (astronomical discourse), the Geography (knowledge of Greco-Roman world), and Apolotelesmatika (astrological discourse). Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman Philosopher-poet who lived around 99 to 55 B. C. Although not much was known of him, he was renowned for his major epic philosophic poem known as De rerum natura, or translated as On the Nature of Things. He dedicated this to his friend, Gaius Memmius. It was said that the poems purpose was to free Gaius mind of superstition, as well as the fear of death.Octavian was the permutation of Gaius Julius Caesar, after the latter was brutally murdered. He ruled from 27 B. C to 14 A. D. wherein he died. He became the first emperor of the Roman Empire, after it was formally established that a sole person would rule the Republic in accordance with the Senate. His rule also initiated the enactment of Pax Romana. Peter was the proclaimed leader of the early Christian church and was one of the apostles of rescuer Ch rist. He was a simple fisherman that Jesus assigned to take up a leadership role amongst the other disciples and apostles.At the time of Nero, the Christians were prosecuted and with him being the first pope of Christianity, he was nailed to the cross facing downwards and burned in Rome. Paul was a Hellenistic Jew and was referred to as the Apostle to the gentiles. His conversion took place on his way to Damascus when he envisioned a resurrected Jesus Christ, which later on temporarily blinded him. Unlike the rest of Jesus apostles, Paul lonesome(prenominal) saw Jesus Christ through his visions and was unfortunate to have not known him in person. handle Peter, he was executed by Nero through beheading.The New Testament is the second major division of the volume wherein the story of Jesus Christ can be read. It contained the gospels upon which shared the life of Jesus Christ and the proliferation of the Christian church. It also contained the book of revelations which was the apoc alyptic prophecy. Constantine I, also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor who reigned from 306 up to his death on 337 A. D. He experienced his conversion into Christianity on the battlefield. With him as a Christian convert, he reversed the prosecutions laid out by his predecessors and established the Edict of Milan in 313 A.D. , which stated religious toleration throughout the Roman empire. St. Augustine of Hippo was a philosopher and a theologian, as well as the Bishop of Hippo Regius, who lived around 354 to 430 A. D. He was born in Thagaste. He was also regarded as one of the most of the essence(predicate) Christian figures who helped in the proliferation of Christianity. His thoughts influenced the medieval worldview, the medieval Christian church. The Arians were the followers of a religion called Arianism which was established in 250-336 A. D. by a Christian priest known as Arius.Arians were branded as heretics by the Christian church, thus leading to their execution or excommunication. However, the religion and its followers still continued onwards through the medieval ages. The Justinian Code was summoned by Emperor Justinian himself and his desire to create a single set of laws, or code, which contained the different laws enacted by past emperors from the reign of Hadrian up to his rule. The older laws and codex were updated to fit the standards of Emperor Justinians reign. The first part of the law was completed on 529 A. D.Byzantium, known today as Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city established by Greek colonists, naming it after mightiness Byzas. The name was actually Latinized from Byzantion. It became the detonating device of the Byzantine Empire, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and renamed to Constantinople. Later on, the Ottomans laid siege of Constantinople and took over the city. It was then changed to Istanbul when Turkey was established. The Koran is the most important text of Islam much like the Christian bible. It was believed to be a book of divine guidance for mankind to follow.It was mentioned that the Koran was revealed to the prophet Muhammad by Jibril (an Islam version of Gabriel). The Koran was also believed to have been written by Muhammad and his followers, through the transcription oral transmissions. It was compiled in 633 A. D. and was standardized in 653 A. D. under the Islamic Empire. The Hagia Sophia was a mosque but later turned into a Museum which can be found in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It was highly considered as the epitome of Byzantine architecture, as it was established as a patriarchal basilica at that time.For nearly a thousand years, it was considered as the largest cathedral in the world. When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, it was reborn into a mosque. Theodora was the empress of the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century A. D. and the wife of Emperor Justinian I as the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. She was regarded as a saint of the O rthodox Church. She was also known as the most potent woman in the history of Byzantine. Feudalism was an established political system during the medieval ages in Europe, as well as the rest of the world. Three key elements revolve around Feudalism lords, vassals, and fiefs.The Lords control the land and provide protection for it. The vassals establish a contract with the controlling monarch, ensuring the protection of the land and his property. The fiefs are utile lands that could gain revenue for the kingdom. Charlemagne was the established King of the Franks who reigned from 768 A. D. up to his death in 814 A. D. He united the Frankish kingdoms and expanded into Western and Central Europe, establishing an empire. Later on, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III as Imperator Augustus, and became a rival of the Byzantine Emperor sitting on Constantinople.During his reign, the empire experienced Carolingian Renaissance which was the revival of art, culture, and religio n through the medium of the Church. Alcuin of York lived from 735 to 804 A. D. in York, Northumbria. At the request of Charlemagne, he became a teacher in the Carolingian court, which focused on the revitalization of art, culture, and religion through the medium of the Church. He composed many theological doctrines, as well as a notable number of literary works like poems. He was inducted as the abbot of Saint Martins at Tours in 796 A. D. , until his death.Clovis I was the first king of the Franks brought Christianity to the Franks and aimed to unite the Frankish kingdoms under one ruler. Instead of remaining as an Arian Christian which was very common to the Germanic tribes, he converted to Catholic Christianity and brought this to his people. He was baptized near Rheims wherein the bring home the bacon kings would be crowned as King of France. Serfs were people belonging to the lowest class in the feudal system of medieval Europe which was Serfdom. Basically, they were slaves to serf lords and were tasked to till the lands.They had no freedom and only had barely enough to feed themselves. They do not own the lands they till. Rollo was the first ruler of the Viking principality in Northern France, later known as Normandy. He lived from 860 to 932 A. D. He invaded France in 885 A. D. , and was considered as one of Sigfreds Viking Fleets minor leaders. He was defeated by King Charles the small of France and later gave him the northern area of France with the build that he would defend the French Kingdom from other Viking raiders. The Magna Carta is an English charter that was issued in 1215 A. D. It gave noblemen certain rights.It also required people to respect legal procedures, and accept that the persons freedom could be dully bound by law. It also protected the Kings subjects from unlawful imprisonment. Basically, it was made by noblemen to evenhandedly limit the powers of the King, in order to avoid Tyranny over the kingdom. William the Conqueror or Wi lliam I was the King of England from 1066 up to his death in 1087 A. D. He was known as William the Bastard because of his illegitimate birth. Along with his men, he fought against the English at the Battle of Hastings and won. As King, he made a lot of major reforms in the English administrative system.