Functionalism in Family Essay Example for Free

Functionalism in Family EssayIt wasnt until I was eight years old that I was finally adopted. My adopted family, who I consider to be my real family, taught me a lot. They help shape and mold me into the person that I am today. According to our social class textbook, the family, in its some(prenominal) varying normals, is present in all hu existence cultures (Schaefer, pg. 306). The family is impacted by all three sociological theories. In my paper I will discuss the impact that all three of the theories. Functionalism, encroach and Interactionism, have on the social creative activity of family.I deal that the social institution of family is what makes us who we are. It helps to form our personality and our lives when we become adults. My family taught me how to make moral decisions in my life-time, how to become an independent individual in society and how to manage a family of my own. I bewitching a great deal do not follow bingle exact surmise. I agree with many a n(prenominal) of the different aspects of all three theories. The first theory I will discuss will be the Functionalist theory. As outlined by William F. Ogburn, the family is meant to perform six paramount functions as follows * Reproduction Protection * Socialization * law of sexual behavior * Affection and Companionship * Provision of Social Status I agree with Ogburn on many of these functions. I think that the family teaches you companionship and how to form an affectionate relationship with some iodin. I also agree tone of the main functions of a family is Reproduction. God says in the Bible that we are to be fruitful. It is our duty to vomit up to make more beings on earth. My family also serves as a security blanket for me.I know when all else fails my family will always be in that respect for me and take me back with no questions asked. The functionalist theory affects the views of an individual in a family in many ways. To me it makes them a more stable person, with more traditional views. Functionalism does not leave too much room for social change within a family. Usually units of a family have a set of beliefs that they were raised on and consider the norm for them. TO stray from this would be abnormal and not right. Functionalism was a strong belief years ago when things were more traditional. This was just the way of life.This theory to me would be one of the main reasons why many people are against things such as gay marriage, unmarried couples having babies and shacking up and unwed m separates. On the other side of the spectrum we have the Conflict theorists. Conflict theorists view the family not as a contributor to social stability, but as a reflection of the unlikeness in wealth and power that is found within the larger society (Schaefer, pg. 292). Although I do agree with many of the aspects of the Functionalist theory, I agree with some of the points that the Conflict theory makes as well.I know for a fact when I was a child, my crony got away with murder. There were things that I couldnt do that my brother could do because he was a boy. I had a friend who parents wouldnt allow her to go anywhere, she had to go to High School down the block from her home, she couldnt go to the mall until she was 18, and she was forced to go to college near home. Going away to college was a no- no for her as far as her parents were concerned. However, her younger brother went to a High School way across town from their house, he was hanging out at the age of 13, and he went away to college hours from their house.Many families in many cultures tend to be male chauvinistic, and bring out about inequality between the sexes. This was the way of life in the United States at a time. The man was the one who went out and worked and brought home the bacon. There were things that a man could do that woman couldnt. The man was the sole provider and the authoritarian. Nowadays, women have just as much say so as men do. I have much powe r and authority in my family. My kids consider me and their stepdad to be equals. We make decisions and compromises on many things such as the bills, household needs and the children.Although in that location has been great change in this shift of power from man to woman in a family, there are still some situations where things have not change as much. Studies have shown that for every expect-at-home dad there are 38 stay at home moms (Schaefer, pg. 292). The conflict theory affects the views of individuals in a family because the man a sense of power and authority. It makes the women out to be subservient to her husband or to man period. It lends to situations such as Domestic Violence. I came across an article by Kathryn Yount and LiLi, it discusses Egyptian womens justification of Domestic Violence. In a regard done, 5,450 women in Egypt, they found that one half justified wife hitting or beating for some reason (Yount, 2009). It is the conflict theory that leads many women to believe and justify Domestic Violence. There is little change for social change with the conflict theory. As described in our textbook, conflict theorists also view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice (Schaefer, pg. 292). Society view women as subservient and believe their role to be that of a woman in the kitchen cooking, barefooted and pregnant. Last but not least we have the Interactionalist theory.Unlike the conflict and the functional theory, this theory observes the relationship between individuals in the family and how they interact with one another. In a study of both black and white two=parent households, researchers found that when fathers are more involved with their children (reading to them, helping them with their homework, or restricting their tv viewing), the children have fewer behavior problems, get along better with others and are more responsible (Schaefer, pg. 293) The relationship between family members can determine the outco me of ones behavior.This theory provides a lot of knowledge on fixing problems in a family. My son was acting up in school and I could not figure what his problem was. When my fiancee and I became more involved with him and his work, having join Boy Scouts, and talking to him one on one, his behavior changed. I veritable less and less calls from his teacher about him acting up in school. In family matters the importance of mattering to a family in adolescence, Gregory Elliott, demonstrated that the lack of mattering in ones family contributes to the degree of connectedness one feels to the social order (Churchill, 2010).Relationships between family members matter a lot. I have a friend who had a dread relationship with her mother. In turns she had a bad relationship with her daughter, and her daughter has a bad relationship with her daughter. Tough love was a major problem in their situation. The Interactionist has the greatest affect on family members views. It makes one more ope n-minded and understanding. It leaves plenty of room for social change within a family. By studying the relationships between family members we will be able to substantiate behaviors and why certain things happen.Society will in turn change their views on family life and accept change and different forms of families. Many people find it strange that it doesnt matter to me that my kids biological farther refuses to pay child support and I still want him to see his kids as much as possible. I came across a study done by Yoshi Sano, Leslie Richards and Anisa Zvonkovis in the ledger of Family Issues. I found that Contrary to some fathers claims that mothers gate keep their access to children, the majority of mothers in the study just wanted increase father involvement.The mothers desire for active father child interaction was not dampened by their frustration at the lack or impairment of child support payment, which mothers tended to accept given the lack of economic opportunities in rural communities (Sano, Richards, et. al, 2008). I believe that out of all three theories interactionism teaches one the around and has the greatest impact on family. We can learn from our interactions with one another and others as well. Functionalism is different from all three because it just basically believes that the family has basic functions.It doesnt go on any evidence or studies. The Conflict theory believes that family brings about conflict. Its sole purpose is to cause inequality between the sexes. The social institution of family is affected by all three of the theories. I feel that and truly believe that it would benefit best form the interactionist theory. This can be backed up by studies and research. It will help to make society more understanding. References Churchill, C. (2010, February). Family matters the importance to family in adolescence. Choice, 47(6), 1168.

Air quality Essay Example for Free

Air reference EssayThe flavor f air that we breathe in today has significantly trim down over the years. Atmospheric air contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and rare inert gases.Of these, the two highly inevitable ones are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Theses are important for the selection of life n the planet 02 is accustomful for animals and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis in plants. The quality of these gases is determined by availability and its taint-free state. Both factors deliver contributed to the present unfavorable condition quo of these gases with respect to the sustenance of life on the planet. THE TRENDMany conferences have held in nations of the world quite a handful of International Summit have held to address the prevalent menace of environmental pollution that threatens all lives on the Earth. Daily, the number of endangered species increase, and many plants and animals have already gone into extinction as a result of the pollution affecting the q uality of atmospheric gases available for daily cellular functions.Human activities such as deforestation and degradation, water pollution through oil spillage and poor river basin development programs have indeed played significantly roles. Besides, exhauist from mechanical equipment and vehicles, gaseous wastes from manufacturing industries, pollution with indiscriminate use of plants chemicals such as herbicides, pesticides, etc have contributed to the reduction in the quality of air available to plants. This has affected the produce of plants, and the health of animals including humans.RECYCLINGOne must authorise the fact that plants constitute a major recycling pathway for the purification of atmospheric air. Photosynthesis uses sunlight and such in primitive molecules like CO2 to produce organic compounds in the from of glucose. This is consumed by animals to produce CO2. O2 is used in oxidation of food in animals with carbon dioxide as byproduct. This pathway is important in determining the quality of atmospheric CO2 and O2, a byproduct of photosynthesis.This implies that any process, natural or man-made, that alters this pathway will affect the recycling process and the availability of good quality air for life.The threat of destruction of rainforest would have tremendous impact on future levels of these gases It would cause an automatic alteration in the pathway describes above. Plants commonwealth would reduce and animals would suffer greatly for this. As a result of this imbalance, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide would change accordingly.CONCLUSIONThe quality of atmospheric oxygen and CO2 has changes over the years. The threat of rainforest destruction would worsen the change in the future.REFERENCESwww.climatechangeissues.com/files/science/Plimer.doc

Organic lab. Comparison of alkanes and alkenes Essay Example for Free

Organic lab. simile of alkanes and alkenes Essay1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and alkane series oil waxSubstanceMethaneHexane paraffin oil waxObservationsColorless gas, with a smell of pleasurable burnt alcohol.Clear, people of colorless liquid. Alcoholic smell, light but pungent.White, oily (waxy) significant. Very malleable, odorless.1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in waterSubstanceHexane + waterParaffin wax + waterObservationsHexane when shaken with water does non dissolve. We potty tell so be stupefy even though few(prenominal) liquids be clear and colorless, we can see a clear berth which distinguishes one liquid from the other. The hexane floats right above the water, never mixing, and we can see the line of separation.Paraffin wax when shaken with water also does non dissolve. Even when finely ground, the solid pieces of wax float throughout the liquid and eventually depositary on the bottom of the shield underpass, never mixing with the water.1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin waxSubstanceMethaneHexaneParaffin waxObservationsWhen the lighted splint is inserted in the test tube filled with methane, the flame quickly extinguishes itself, with a small spurt of dark-skinned smoke. Right after, water vapour coats the walls of the test tube. Therefore, blaze occurred, since the water vapour convey that H2O and CO2 are produced as bi products. The combustion approximately complete, but not quite, since the black smoke suggests that a small amout of noxious CO and carbon were also produced.When the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexane, the safe and sound surface of the alcohol glamoures go over (combusts) and a long flame forms, which lasts circa 5 minutes. As the fire blazes, some black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first light brown, and then progessively a darker shade of brown. This is the lampblack collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete co mbustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion.The lighted splint does not cause the paraffin wax to combust. When applied, the heat of the fire of the splint causes the wax to ladder, but not catch fire itself. This because the wax is in the solid fase, and so does not combust. It would need a candle wick, a piece of yarn inside the candle which catches fire and helps the candle melt. region II Comparison of alkanes and alkenes1. Reaction of the retroflex bondSubstanceHexane + dilute sulfuric caustic + potassium permanganateHexene + dilute sulfuric acid + potassium permanganateObservationsWhen the fucsia potassium permanganate is added to the clear hexane and sulfuric acid, the whole solving turns fucsia, as one would expect. Since there is no color change (the fucsia just happens to be the predominant color) no response occurred.When the fucsia potassium permanganate is added to the clear hexane and sulfuric acid, initially the whole solution turns fucsia. However right after there is a color change and the solution goes from fucsia, to light pink, to clear again. We can tell from the color change that an addition reaction occurred.1. Combustibility of hexane and hexeneSubstanceHexaneHexeneObservationsWhen the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexane, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame forms, which lasts circa 5 minutes. As the fire blazes, some black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first light brown, and then progessively a darker shade of brown. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion.When the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexene, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame forms, which lasts circa as long as the hexane combustion. As the fire blazes, a lot of thick black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first brown, and then progessively a darker until they become almost black. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion. Since the basin of the hexene was darker than that of the hexane, we can deduce that the combustion of hexene is more incomplete.Part III Alcohols and Carboxylic acids1. Oxidation of ethanolSubstanceEthanol + potassium dichromate + dilute sulfuric acidObservationsWhen first position in the water bath the solution turns from orange-yellow to first a light green. The smell is quite alcoholic and strong, pungent. After 5 minutes, the solution has become a darker shade of green, an almost turquoise color. The smell is a bit wish well a medicine, calm down a bit pungent (less though) and quite sweet like cough syrup. After other 5 minutes, the color is now an intense forest green, and the smell is very sugary sweet.1. Making estersSubstanceEthanol + ethanoic acid + concentrated sulfuric acidObservationsWhen first placed in the water bath the solution turns from a warm yellow color to first a light blue-green. The smell is very strong, pungent and unpleasant. After 5 minutes, the solution has become a more intense and dark shade of blue-green. The smell is still acidic and tangy, but now quite sweet. It is not unpleasant anymore. After other 5 minutes, the color is now an a very dark green, almost black, and the smell is almost like lemon pie, tangy but sugary at the same time. It is a nice scent.Data AnalysisPart I Alkanes1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffin1. MethaneCH4 (g)1. HexaneC6H14 (aq)1. Paraffin waxC20H42 (s)1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in water1. HexaneNo reaction occurs C6H14 (aq) + H2O(l) C6H14 (aq) +H2O(l)1. Paraffin waxNo reaction occursC20H42 (s) + H2O(l) C20H42 (s) +H2O(l)1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax1. MethaneCH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g) *1. Hexane2 C6H14 (aq) + 19 O2(g) 14 H2O(g) + 12 CO2 (g) *1. Paraffin waxNo combustion reaction occurred paraffin only changes stateC20H42 (s) + heat C20H42 (l)Part II Comparison of alkanes and alkenes1. Reaction of the recur bond1. HexaneNo addition reaction occurredConcentrated H2SO4(l)C6H14 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) C6H14 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq)1. HexeneConcentrated H2SO4(l)C6H12 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) C3H6O2 (aq) + KMnO2 (aq)1. Combustibility of hexane and hexene1. Hexane2 C6H14 (aq) + 19 O2(g) 14 H2O(g) + 12 CO2 (g) *1. HexeneC6H12 (aq) + 9 O2 (g) 6 H2O(g) + 6 CO2 (g) *Part III Alcohols and Carboxylic acids1. Oxidation of ethanolreflux3 CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2 K2Cr2O7 (aq) + 8 H2SO4 (aq) + heat 3 CHCOOH(aq) + 2 Cr(SO)(aq) +2 KSO(aq) + 11 HO(g)1. Making estersconcentrated H2SO4CH3CH2OH( aq) + CH3COOH(aq) CH3COOCH2CH3 (aq) + H2O(g)* These reactions are indite as complete combustions, but in reality they were incomplete conbustions, as we can tell from the soot (carbon) left behind after the reaction. Therefore the products of these combustions would not only be CO2 and H2O (water vapour) but also the noious CO and Carbon (black smoke and soot). These equations thus do not represent fully the reaction which took place.ConclusionPart I Alkanes1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffinThe state of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax are gas, liquid, and solid at room STP, respectively. They are all alkanes, and whence only leave Van Der Waal intermolecular forces (they are non-polar, so do not have dipole dipole, and do not have any enthalpy bonds as well), The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy (heat) it requires to break the bonds, the higher the MP.However, even though methane, hexane, and paraffin all have VDW forces, they have very different MP and BP, as seen from their physical state at room temperature. This is due to the difference in surface area of the three alkanes. Van Der Waal forces are stronger in molecules that have a larger surface area indeed, paraffin wax, which can have a molecular formula of C20H42 to C40H82 which be a much longer ambit than hexane (C6H14) which in turn will be longer than methane (CH4). Therefore, paraffin wax will have a higher MP than hexane, which will have a higher MP than methane.1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in waterSince hexane did not mix with the water (there was a cler line of separation between the two substances) we can concude that hexane is not soluble in polar solutions, (water is the universal solvent for polar solutions). Therefore, hexane is non-polar, as its symmetrical social structure (C6H14) would suggest (the dipole moments cancel out).Also paraffin wax did not mix with water. This is due to the fact that also paraffin wax is a alkane, and and then wil l also be non polar, because of its symmetrical structure (eg C20H42) with dipole moments which cancel out. Also, the fact that the wax was solid, and no heat was added to the solution, contrbuted probably to the insolubility of the wax in the water (even polar substances like sugar melt better when heat is applied).1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin waxMethane combusted when the lighted splint was applied. The flame extinguishes itself quickly, and the products CO2 and H2O are formed (water vapour). However, the combustion is not complete, because also some black smoke (Carbon and CO) are produced, since there is not enough oxygen and the carbons in the reactants are not combusted completely.Likewise, also the hexane combusts when the lighted splint is applied (a huge flame erupts). However, the hexane has a more incomplete combustion. We can tell from the substantial amount of soot (carbon) left on the evaporating basin, much greater than the thin black smoke gener ated from the combustion of methane.The paraffin wax, even though it is an alkane, is in its solid state and therefore does not combust. When the lighted splint is applied, the wax changes state from solid to liquid. Therefore, no reaction occurs, and the products of combustion are not formed (CO2 and H2O, and Carbon and CO). If a wollen wick were to be inserted, then combustion would occur.Part II Comparison of alkanes and alkenes1. Reaction of the double bondHexane did not react with the potassium permanganate, since the color did not change. This because the alkanes are saturated (do not have any double bonds) and therefore cannot perform addition reactions. Hexene instead reacts with the potassium permanganate (KMnO4), aided by the concentrated H2SO4 to form C3H6O2 and KMnO2. We can tell see the reaction visually, for the potassium permanganate is fucsia, and therefore tinges the whole solution of a pink, but after the reaction occurs the solution becomes clear, since the produ cts are different. This because it is an alkene, and therefore unsaturated, so other molecules can add into it to form different products. The carbon-carbon double bond is very reactive. However the alkene could not react with the potassium permanganate without the catalyst H2SO4 to facilitate the reaction.1. Combustibility of hexane and hexeneHexane and hexene both combust when the lighted splint is applied. They both catch fire, and burn for circa 5 minutes. They both produce CO2 and H2O (water vapour is formed, and moisture is left behind after the fire extinguishes), and also Carbon and CO (black smoke rises from the flame, and soot is left behind on the basin. Therefore, there is not enough oxygen, and the hexane and hexene do not combust completely, generating these noxious, unwanted products. The main difference is that hexene has a more incomplete combustion than hexane, since it leaves behind much more dirt and soot, modify the basin pitch black, while the hexane only lea ves a bit of soot, coloring the basin of a lighter brown. Therefore, the combustion of hexene requires more oxygen than that of hexane, since the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere remains more or less constant.Part III Alcohols and Carboxylic acids1. Oxidation of ethanolThe oxidation of ethanol is an oxidation of a primary alcohol. The reaction can occur because all the reaction conditions are present heat, the oxidizing agent (K2Cr2O7 ) and the catalyst (H2SO4). Therefore, the alcohol (CH3CH2OH) first will form an aldehyde through distilling (low ratio of oxidizing agent to alcohol) but then through reflux it will form a carboxyllic acid (CHCOOH). We can notice the reaction occurring by observing the changes in the test tube. Initially yellow-orange, the solution then turns green. Also, we notice a change in scent, from a pungent alcoholic scent, to a sweeter, more pleasant smell.1. Making estersA reaction occurs when the ethanol and the ethanoic acid, aided by the catalyst H2SO4 and heat, form an ester CH3COOCH2CH3 and water. Also here, the reaction only occurs because the reaction conditions were present heat and catalyst H2SO4. We can notice the reaction occurring by observing the changes in the test tube. The color changes from a warmer color, to a colder, blue-green color. Also, we notice a change in scent, from a pungent alcoholic scent, very unpleasant, to a fruity, sweet and tangy smell like lemon pie. Indeed, esters are used as artificial flavouring, replicsting the smell of fruits.

The Competitive Strategy Of British Airways Economics Essay

The Competitive Strategy Of British Airways Economics Es theorizeAny business has challenges from unlike elements like globalisation, cultivation and technology, socio and cultural factors, political factors and so on. To meet these challenges a clear strategy is very crucial for whatsoever organization. A strategy is a clear day-dream of what the organisation impart be based on a sustainable competitive advantage. Actually, strategy is a road map for hereafter directions and scope. It is a dour range plan for five years and more. It develops mission, objective and goals for an organisation. To develop an effective strategy any organisation must set an account with incompatible factors. environmental analysis, present analysis, strength, weakness, opportunities and so on be the factor through which a strategy can be developed.Are looking to buy fruits or services, they be looking for a wide range of products and services. They as well want easy accessibility and hope to bu y good quality products and services at a competitive price. They ar really important as they provide property for the business in order to be successful.Suppliers stock the business with the supplies the business needs, if they are late then it will cause a conflict between business and suppliers. Therefor it is vital that all the business suppliers are on clock. Suppliers are probably the third important part in a business, they provide the products/services and if they are not in time it poses to be a holy terror to the financial state of the business. On the other hand, suppliers arent that important in decision making because they are scared of losing their contract with British Airways.An scotchal system is broadly speaking defined as a countries plan for its services, goods, and the exact way in which its economic plan is carried out. Basically there are three major(ip)/different types of economic systems prevailing around the world and they areMarket parsimony In a merchandise placeplace economy, guinea pig and state organisations play a kidskin role. Instead consumers and their buying decisions drive the economy. In this type of economic system, the assumptions of the market play a major role in deciding the right bridle-path for a countrys economic development.Market economies aim to reduce or eliminate entirely subsidies for a particular industry, the pre-determination of prices for different commodities, and the amount of regulation controlling different industrial sectors.The absence of central planning is iodin of the major features of this economic system. Market decisions are mainly dominated by supply and demand, the role of the government in a market economy is to simply make authentic(p) that the market is stable enough to carry out its economic activities properly.Planned Economy A planned economy is also cognize as a command economy. The around important aspect of this type of economy is that all major decisions relat ed to the production, distribution, commodity and service prices, are all made by the government.The planned economy is government directed, and market forces have very little say in much(prenominal) an economy. This type of economy lacks the kind of tractableness that is present a market economy, and because of this, the planned economy reacts slower to limitings in consumer needs and dis go into patterns of supply and demand.On the other hand, a planned economy aims at using all visible(prenominal) resources for developing production instead of allocating the resources either for advertise or marketing.Mixed Economy A mixed economy combines elements of some(prenominal) the planned and the market economies in one cohesive system. This means that certain features from both market and planned economic systems are taken to form this type of economy. This system prevails in many countries where neither the government nor the business entities control the economic activities of t hat country both sectors play an important role in the economic decision making of the country. In a mixed economy there is flexibility in some areas and government control in others. Mixed economies include both chapiterist and genial economic policies and often arise in societies that prove to balance a wide range of political and economic views.http//www.economywatch.com/world_economic-indicators/typeBritish Airways operates in the Mixed economic system as British Airways was privatised on February 1987 and the government has less intervention as its a private company the only intervention that the government would have is only setting the prices of the air fines.What is sociable Welfare Social welfare is active how people, communicate and institutions in a society take action to provide certain minimum standards and certain opportunities. It is for the most part about helping people facing contingencies.Social welfare which British Airways does for its employees.Social W elfare Policy Is basically to improve and protect the standard of financial backing of the people or citizens as a whole. In the corroborate together Kingdom the Name Social Policy is used to apply to the policies that the government uses for welfare and social protection and the ways in which welfare is basically developed in a society. There are non-homogeneous social welfare policies that the United Kingdoms adopts and they areSocial welfare indemnity that British Airways has adopted/followsHealth and social protectionEmployment LawWork place regulationSocial memory boardSocial securityThe stupor that social welfare initiates on British Airways as well as the wider community is firstly that British Airways adopting the work place regulation is that it benefits the employees of British Airways and that the employees can work without any head aces as British Airways has provided all it employees with training in safety measures, plus rest time is given to the employees and t o the crew members of British Airways accommodation is given because the crew is prevalently flying for endless hours/ keen-sighted journeys. The workers are also made alert about the basic terms and conditions of the organisation which are basically ethics, code of conduct, and the responsibility of the organisation.The other social welfare form _or_ system of government which British Airways provides its employees is social security for its employees uniform to contribution benefits (Retirement pension, maternity allowances) and also non contributor benefits (social fund, functional tax benefits) to its employees, which gives the employees the freedom to do whatever in their personal life. The Employment Law in British Airways states and illustrates the normal working hours, conditions, and the acts of the organisation.What is Industrial PolicyIndustrial policy comprises all government interventions which consist ofDirected towards the supply side of the economy that consists of levyprises, industries, sectors).Aims to influence the industrial anatomical structure of the economy and its industrial changes.Industrial policy purposefully affects incentives to nominate specific goods or incentives to enter or government issue a specific goods market.It is not limited to manufacturing and includes all types of commercial economic activities.Industrial policy interventions have to be justified because if competitive markets worked adequately, any such intervention wouldDistort optimum allocation,Distort dynamic disputation and its benefits (innovation, flexibility, consumers sovereignty etc.).Privilege specific enterprises or industries or sectors at the expenses of others,Would disadvantage taxpayers and consumers. (An European industrial policy concepts and consequences, Oliver Budzinski).Industrial policy is concerned it is the government sponsored economic program in which the public and private sector coordinate their efforts to develop new technol ogies and industries. Government provides the financial support and capital to the private sector by direct subsidies, tax credits or government- run developmental blasphemes. Industries policy emphasise cooperation between government, banks, private enterprise, and employees to strengthen the national economy. http//encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.comImpact of Industrial policy on British AirwaysIn the United Kingdoms the Industrial policy has affected a lot of industries but the Industry that suffered the most was the aviation industry including all the respiratory tracts even British Airways. Therefore British Airways has changed its strategy of working and has been successful as British Airways adopted new policies. integrity of the policy that states to reduce Co2 emissions by 15% by all air passages and British Airways has decided to reduce by 50% as they are working on creating a new kind of terminate which is known as bio diesel which is pollution free and environment f riendly.Fiscal Policy Government expense policies that influences macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates and government spending in an effort to control the economy.Monetary Policy The action of a central, bank currency or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. Monetary policy is maintained through actions such as increasing the interest rate, or changing the amount of money banks need to keep in the vault or bank reserves.Impact of fiscal and monetary policy on airline industry as well as British AirwaysThe principles of economics tell us that governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Methods of influencing market outcomes can come in the form of monetary and fiscal policies. Monetary policies influence shiftsin entireness demand for goods and services by increasing the money supply, reducing the equilibrium interest rates and stimulating investment spending or fall the money supply, raising equilibrium interest rates, lowering investment spending (Mankiw, 2004). Fiscal policies shift the aggregate demand curve by increasing or decreasing government spending or through the increase or decrease in taxes (Mankiw). Because these policies influence aggregate demand, the government uses such policies to try and bring stabilisation to the economy.Such polices affect different industries on many different levels. Some industries have positive effects and some negative. In analysing how monetary and fiscal policies affect the airline industry, we can look at how these policies affect employment, growth of the industry, and product prices.Many fiscal policies directed toward the airline industry have had profound effects. genius such policy is represented by the excise taxes and fees levied on air carriers. Such taxes and fees are deald by theGovernment to fund improvements of airports, provide security for the airlines and airports, allocate funding for the FAA, provide for services for transnational customers, and support operations at airpark facilities. These fees represent roughly 26% or $52 of a standard 200-dollar round-trip airline ticket (Air Transport Association, 2005). Current economic conditions of the airline industry are dismal, especially due to the tragic events of September 11th. The Air Transport Association (ATA) argues that such fiscal policy in these trying times hinder the air carriers ability to right themselves through a self-help policy. The ATA further explains that in an effort to energize the industry, such taxes and fees can account for the elimination of over 129,000 jobs, forced many carriers into bankruptcy, and, because consumers react heavily to price increases in this industry, hinder their ability to allocate monetary resource by raising ticket prices. With this current fiscal policy, air carriers have little manoeuvrability of funds to meet the demands of an operating bu dget.Mike Smith (personal communication, June 10, 2008), fountain owner of Pacific Crest Aviation in Big Bear Lake, CA, adds that governing agencies institute other fees to generate operating revenues for airports. On example of this is set down fees. Landing fees vary from airport to airport, but play a key role in the determination of where air carriers decide to base their operations. In attempts to stash away more funding through fiscal policy, Mr. Smith explains that the FAA continues to suggest the implementation of user fees. Still to be determined how such a fee would impact the airline industry present fiscal policies have air carriers screaming for reform.Deregulation is another fiscal policy that has considerably impacted areas of the airline industry. Since deregulating in 1979, the airline industry experienced substantial growth. With the emergence of new contest in the industry this created numerous amounts of jobs, drove ticket prices down, and expanded the avail able market for various air carriers. Through an industrial wide growth of over 200%, new carriers were able to open positions to thousands of new employees in various parts of the nation. Average ticket prices in 1979 remain relatively unchanged today. As an extremely competitive market emerged, the rally for passengers on each carriers flights kept ticket prices down as carrier created connecting flights through this new open sky policy reaching more consumers, minimizing opportunity cost, and offering competitive pricing.The air lane industry continues to be affected by the overall condition of the nations economy. When healthy spending exists and pleasure travel is frequent, air carriers are able to fill flights, conflagrate prices, and maintain a stable economic environment. However, when condition of the nations economy falls, so do the buying habits of the consumer. This is where the airline industry finds itself today. Struggling to fill flights in a slow economy and figh ting heavy fiscal policy.Recent monetary policies made by the federal government to improve market conditions are sure to have an effect, but how it will impact employment, growth, and prices in the airline industry are still unknown. The mostRecent monetary policy made by the government came in the form of economic stimulus checks. This in-flow of money into the economy in an attempt to stimulate the purchase of goods and services throughout the United States whitethorn help diminish the effects of our current sluggish economy. Little to no data exists to show how this has impacted any growth in the airline industry. So far, there seems to be little change in the spending habits of the consumer to travel via air. Because the economic position of the airline industry has been struggling for so long, improvements due to any single event may be impossible to track. Whether changes in fiscal policies, monetary policies, or internal carrier structure help to improve conditions in the ai rline industry, changes will happen slow and will reflect economic condition in the nations marketplace.By successfully managing opportunity cost, and adapting to an ever changing economic environment, airline industries can have economic success. However, the well-being of the nations economy will have a direct impact on the level of success experienced in the airline industry. During economic shortfalls in the nations economy, travellers will have fewer resources available to travel for pleasure. Contributing to the negative economic influences in the airline industry, future and existing policies targeting the airline industry will continue to hinder the industrys ability to recover losses in periods of economic hardships. http//www.taxreformpanel.govMakiw, N.G. (2004) Principles of economics (3rd edition). Chicago, 2 Thomson South-Western.PESTLE Analyses on British AirwaysPESTLE FactorsKey PointsImplications for British AirwaysPoliticalHeavy regulation (AEA, 2009).Increased secu rity due to past terrorist threats (DFT, 2008)Compliance is essential if British Airways wants to continue. competent security measures should be in place to ensure consumer confidence and competitive advantage in maintenance.EconomicGlobal economic crisis world growth is communicate to just over 2 per cent in 2009 (IMF, 2008). Pound weakness especially against the Euro.Oil prices declined by 50% since their peak retreating to 2007 levels. Decline in fuel prises the dollar strengthens (IMF, 2008).UK Consumer spending saw its sharpest decline for 13 years between July and September 2008 (Channel 4, 2008)Possible reduction in the amount of business travel as companies are cutting costs and using alternative means of communication such as telecom fencing. British Airways is vulnerable as a United Kingdom operating airline to a pitiable exchange rate.Fluctuation in oil prices and exchange rates will directly affect British Airways cost base.More intense competition.SocialThe United Ki ngdom has an aging population.Increasing UnemploymentPotential opportunities for growth as rareer generations have more time to spend on leisure activities such as international travel.Increased bargaining power as an employee.TechnologicalA recent survey revealed that 34% of online consumers plan to use price- comparison sites more in 2009 (NMA, 2009)Online booking services and check-in is becoming increasingly used by the airline industry.Increased consumer cognisance and therefore bargaining power.British Airways must ensure that they remain up to date with these technological advances whilst avoiding becoming overly reliant, as this may isolate certain consumer markets (i.e. the elderly) who dont feel comfortable using such technology.Environmental/EthicalNoise pollution controls and energy consumption controls.Cancellations of flights and loss of baggage.New legislation (e.g. climate change bill) enforcing tighter environmental regulation may increase operational costs each year.Such ethical issues could have a detrimental effect on personality if left unresolved.LegalCollusion and price fixing.Recognition of business deal union and industrial action e.g. cabin crew strikes.Open skies agreement.Restriction on mergers will have an impact on British Airways proposed alliance with American Airlines.Good employee relations are essential if British Airways wants to avoid industrial action and stop operations.Opportunity for British Airways and its competitors to freely transport aircrafts between the European Union and the United States.Part 3Investigate the behaviour of organizations and the market environment.What is OligopolyOligopoly is a market which is normally dominated by a few numbers of large suppliers. The degree of market concentration is very heights. Firms within an oligopoly produce branded products and also sometimes there is a barrier to new entries.Advantages as generalFirms or companies are able to reap economies of scale, due to large scale competition.Products cannot produce by individual firms on a small scale.There is an incentive to engage in research and development. They have the ability to earn super normal profits and capture large market share.Firms enjoy lower costs due to technological improvement. This results in higher profits which will improve the firms or companies capacity to withstand price war.http//www.blurtit.com/q2774865.htmlDisadvantages as generalFirms and companies are concerned with the activities of their competitors.If one firm or company reduces its prices the other companies would have to.How oligopoly has impacted the airline market and British AirwaysIn the late 1990s the European airline market was liberalised, lowering the barriers to entry.Traditional firms then faced competition as firms could enter the market more easily.New entrants used leased aircrafts to keep costs low.Firms have merged (such as Liberia Airways and British Airways did in 2000) to improve the firms horizon tal integration.What is monopolyA situation in which a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. This would happen in the case that there is a barrier to entry into the industry that allows the single company to operate without competition. In such an industry structure, the manufacturer will often produce a volume that is less than the amount which would maximize social welfare. www.investwords.com/3112/monopoly.html.Advantages of monopoly as generalThere is no risk of overabundance production.There is sufficient capital for research.Price of goods are reduced.The market can be controlled.Disadvantages of monopoly as generalThe consumers are exploited.There is hardly and consumer choice.The price is high on products.As there is no competition it tracks to inefficiency.The labour is exploited as the price charged is higher than the marginal cost.How monopoly has impacted the airline market and British AirwaysThere is no competitio n which would make the airlines inefficient.As there is no choice the consumer would have to take that one airline only.As the ticket prices could be high the consumers would prefer to take a train to their destination if the consumers destination is in Europe and this would cause a loss for the company.What is perfect competitionAn ideal market structure characterized by a large number of small firms, identical products sold by all firms, freedom of entry into and exit out of the industry, and perfect knowledge of prices and technology. This is one of four basic, market structures. The other three are monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. Perfect competition is an idealized market structure that is not observed in the real world. While unrealistic, it does provide an excellent benchmark that can be used to analyse real world market structure. In particular, perfect competition efficiently allocates resources. http//www.amosweb.com.Advantages of perfect competition as g eneralOptimal allocation of resources.Competition encourages efficiency.Consumers charged a lower price. responsive to consumer wishes, change in demand, leads extra supply.Disadvantages of perfect competition as generalInsufficient profits for investment.Lack of product variety.Lack of competition over product design and specification.Unequal distribution of goods and income.Externalities .e.g. pollution.How perfect competition impacts airlines market and British AirwaysAs in the Airlines Industry there are many airlines and there is competition there can be either positive effects as well as negatives effects the positive effects of perfect competition is that the resources of the airlines is allocated to the fate as there is competition the other airlines as well as British Airways is encouraged to work harder to beat the competition and there for the airlines charge its customers with a lower cost to gather more of the customers. The negative effects of perfect competition is t hat sometimes the return on the investment can be poor there is noise pollution being created by the noise of the plane engines and can affect the society with air pollution as it can defile the society.Part 4Explain the significance of international trade wind and the European dimension for UK businesses.What is tradeTrade is the transfer of ownership of goods or services from one person to another person. Trade is also known as commerce or financial transaction or barter like in the old days. Trade can only take place in a market. A market is a place where buying and selling takes place it could be either in a shop, house or even the internet.Advantages of tradeCan increase international ties.Leads to specialisation and therefore increases efficiency.Increases standards of living.Disadvantages of tradeAs there is excess production it leads to pollution.Can lead to a possible economical imperialism.Can cause a balance of payment problem which can lead to international debt.Why is trade importantTo trade is important for a country because through trade a country gets its resources which it cant provide for itself, or its cheaper for a country to import than to produce locally. A country trades its resources to other countries that cannot produce them this means that its a big cycle where everyone trades until all the countries have what they simply need while making some money by selling what they dont need. The country basically does it for the development of the country so that its people can get their daily bread and butter, clothes and necessities which they need that their country does not have access to, and to even do business with other countries through trade.What is international tradeInternational trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across overseas boarders or territories. It basically refers to exports of goods and services by firms to a overseas buyer also known as a importer. In most countries it represents a significant share of gross domestic product also known a (GDP).Advantages of international tradeImprove domestic competitiveness.Helps to gain global market share.Reduces the dependency on existing market.Increases chances to expand.Disadvantages of international tradeCan take a very long time to gain.Additional cost can be incurred.Payments come after long.Licenses are need and deal has to be done in regulations.Why is international trade importantInternational trade is important because it allows other countries to take advantage of something known as comparative advantage. Comparative advantage means that a country is able to produce something by giving less for something else they want. Therefore even if a country in not able to produce the scoop out quality product of anything, comparatively the countries can produce without giving up something. When countries take advantage of comparative advantage, the total output in the world increases and therefore everyone benefits from extra output and the refore international trade helps establish a higher standard of living.What is economic integrationEconomic integration is the elimination of duty and nontariff barriers to the flow of goods and services and the factors of production between a group of nations or various different parts of the same nation.

Introduction to the Id and the Superego

Introduction to the Id and the SuperegoThe topic of discussion today was Understanding Our Own Defences. Since the lesson, I have been researching this subject and learned that it was Sigmund Freud (1856 1939) who first began to drop a line about the mechanisms our brain uses to stop us from get holding anxiety, guilt or hurt. Freud believed that our psyche, which is not our physical brain, more our reputation and the way we behave, is split into three. He called these split the Id, the Ego and the Super Ego. He thought that the id was submerged out of sight in our subconscious, whereas the ego and super ego were in our consciousness. The id is the primitive and instinctive serving of our personality that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego. According to the theory, we are born with solo the id part of our personal ity, and we go on to develop the ego and super ego at around 3 to 5 years of age. The Id, however, remains a personality trait throughout our life, one of its traits is that it demands immediate attention. Freud stated that the ego is That part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. It develops as a air of negotiator between the id and the external world, however, as Freud himself observed, it developed as a mechanism to postpone satisfaction and to help the individual fit into societies expectations of them. The ego concerns itself with a more rational, problem-solving state of mind and will try to re-think solutions until the problem is solved. Freud made the analogy of the id being a horse while the ego is the rider. The ego is wish well a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior distinctiveness of the horse.The main purpose of the superego is to control the impulses of the id, especially those which society forbids such as aggression or sex. It acts as a sort of moral compass for the ego, striving for perfection rather than simple realistic outcomes and consists of two components, the conscience and the holy man self. It is driven by unconscious values learned from parents and society, and because perfection is the goal, falling short can lead us to feelings of shame or guilt, so, in pose to deal with these feelings, Freud declared that the ego employs a range of defence mechanisms. These defence mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help ward kill acrid feelings such as anxiety or guilt which may have arisen because we felt threatened, or because our id or superego became too demanding. Freud identified seven defence mechanisms, only when there are much more.Repression pushing away a thought or a feeling, saying to yourself lets forget about it, Many things can be an object of repression such as painful memories of forbidden desires. Although, mosttimes our true feelings can leak o ut in what is kn profess as a Freudian slip, like the man who was introduced to a colleague who had got the big promotion he had applied for. His opening remark was Hello I am David, pleased to wink youDenial Refusing to accept that something exists or happened. This can be a mechanism that is seen when psyche refuses to accept the death of a loved one. Or making excuses for continuing unhealthy behaviour such as smoking, with phrases such as my granny smoked forty a day and lived until she was one hundred and two.Projection This involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feelings and motives to another person. Thoughts most commonly projected onto another are ones that would cause guilt such as aggressive and sexual fantasies or thoughts. For instance, you might nauseate someone, but your superego tells you that such hatred is unacceptable. You can solve the problem by believing that they hate you.Rationalisation Creating an acceptable but incorrect explanation of a s ituation, for example, the man caught stealing computers from the warehouse he works at Its not stealing, my company sells millions of computers for big profit, they wont miss the two that I have taken.intellectualization Thinking about something logically without any attached emotion, for example, Counsellor Well Jane, your husband has left you, and you have been made redundant, how does that feel? Janes response I today have a lot more time on my hands, I can get on with the gardening and catch up on some odd origins around the house, as for my job I did not like it much anyway.Reaction formation Doing the opposite of what you would really like to do, being over-nice to someone you dislike is a good example of this. The best example is the person who mutters through gritted teeth No, I am not angry.Regression Acting in the way a child might if they did not get their own way. Foot stamping, speaking in a whiney voice or storming off are good examples of this.As we can see above, defence mechanisms are protective, coping, strategies adopted by the brain to shield us from painful feelings. The brain has tell to itself Im too afraid to feel this so Im going to make something up that I wont be so afraid of. As a counsellor, our job is to attempt to get through these defences to the core issue that is troubling the client and to provide the support the client needs to initiate a change inside themselves. This may take some time as the client may not initially trust or feel comfortable with us. They may feel frightened or embarrassed to show their true feelings. The Oxford English Dictionary defines trust as a firm belief in the reliability, truth, ability, or strength of someone or something. Carl Rogers said, a good counsellor will have some sense of how to match the pace of counselling sessions to the needs of their clients.So, in summary, when a client first comes to us, they will probably demonstrate some of the defences written about above, we will then ca refully use our counselling skills to build a rapport and try to make the client feel comfortable enough to start to discuss why they feel the need to seek counselling.

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition

Definition and Features of Monopoly and CompetitionDefinition of MonopolyMonopoly is a well delimitate trade structure where there is only one grasser who controls the immaculate market furnish, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. This sole seller in the market is called monopoliser. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word mono, meaning single, and polist meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. The monopolist is faced by a large number of competing buyers for his product. Evidently monopoly is the antithesis of controversy on. In a monopoly market, the producer, being the sole seller, has no direct competitors in either the popular or technical sense. Thus, the monopoly market model is the opposite innate of rivalry.Features of MonopolyThe features of a monopoly areThe monopolist is the sole producer in the market. Thus, below monopoly, level and industry are identical. at that place are no closely belligerent substitutes for the product. So the buyers have no alternative or choice. They have either to buy the product or go without it.Monopoly is a complete negation of competition.A monopolist is a terms hold backr and not a set taker. In fact his impairment fixing power is absolute. He is in a localization to fix the price for the product, as he likes. He stub vary the price from buyer to buyer. Thus in a emulous industry, there is a single ruling price, while in a monopoly, there may be differentials.A monopoly watertight itself being the industry, it faces a downwards- tip demand trim for its product. That inwardness it cannot sell more return un slight the price is lowered.A pure monopolist has no immediate rivals due to certain barriers to entry in the field. There are legal, technological, economic or natural obstacles which may block the entry of upstart firms.Since a mo nopolist has a complete control over the market supply in the absence of a close or remote substitute for his product, he can fix the price as well as quantity of be sold in the market.Abuses of MonopolyThough a monopolist has complete freedom in determining his own price, there are about limits to his power. These are listed belowThe demand flexure of a monopolist slopes downwards.This is shown as demand make out DD of the monopolist in Figure. On such a abridge, a monopolist cannot choose both Price and Output to be sold. He has to determine one of these quantities. If he chooses higher price P1 he has to be comfortable with small sales of quantity Q1. If he prefers larger output Q2 he exit have to charge lower price P2.The second constraint on monopoly power arises out of the income and willingness of consumers. If the monopolist attempts to charge a price as high as Pn his sales fall to zero. So even though a monopolist has complete freedom to charge any high price this f reedom is restricted by the consumers ability to purchase goods.Finally, monopoly power in addition depends upon elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is rigid or less elastic the monopolist has a greater degree of control. As the demand curve becomes more flexible or court the monopolists control starts declining.This can be explained with the help of Figure. In the figure there are 2 demand curves. DD1 is rigid or less flexible showing greater monopoly control. DD2 is flatter or more flexible and depicts a lower degree of monopoly control. On rigid demand curve DD1 if the monopolist increases the price from P to P1 the fall in the quantity sold is as small as QQ1. On the flatter demand curve DD2 with the same rise in price, a fall in the quantity sold is as large as NN1. In slip of paper of a flexible demand curve there is a danger that even at a higher price, the total gross of a monopolist may be smaller. This has been further explained in the table belowPRICER IGID DEMAND D1TOTAL tax income TR1FLEXIBLE DEMAND D2TOTAL REVENUE TR22612204045208326424530A monopolist attempts to raise his price from 2 to 4 to 6. As a result of this quantity demanded goes on falling. Yet in the case of slopped Demand D1, with a fall in the demand from 6 to 5 to 4 Total revenue enhancement TR1 increases from 12 to 20 to 24. With the Flexible Demand turn back D2 the quantity demanded falls sharply from 20 to 8 to 5 causing Total Revenue TR2 to fall from 40 to 32 to 30. Hence the slope or the degree of flexibility of the demand curve governs the degree of monopoly powerMonopoly market is restrictive and hence considered as an evil form of market. Monopoly is also a writer of wastage. It underutilizes productive capacity and reduces Consumers Surplus. Under work of capacity may cause some workers to remain unemployed. These and other shortcomings can be analyzed and explained with the help of a proportional draw.We find both competitive and monopoly equil ibrium spaces marketed by point e1 and e2 respectively. A competitive firm produces output Q1 and sells at price P1. A monopolist produces smaller output Q2 (Q2P1). Competition allows only normal pelf to a firm as part of the average cost of production. A monopolist earns extra monopoly gains of the size CSRP2. Under competition output is produced at point e1 which is the lowest point on the average cost line. Therefore competition makes fuller consumption of the productive capacity. Under monopoly output is produced at point S which is on the falling phase of AC. This shows underutilization of the productive capacity. Finally, the size of the Consumers Surplus under competition is as large as De1P1 while that under monopoly is only DRP2. Hence under monopoly there is higher price, lower output, underutilization of productive capacity or wastage of resources and decrease in Consumers Surplus.Differences between Monopoly,Equilibrium Competitive EquilibriumThere are typical diff erences between the two types of market models their equilibrium positions. A proportional account of their differences is presented belowThe demand curve of a competitive firm for its product is perfectly elastic. It is a swimming straight line. It implies that the firm can sell any level of out put at the ruling market price. While the demand curve of the monopolistic for his product is relatively inelastic, it is a downward sloping curve. It suggests that the monopolist can sell more output only by lowering the price.To a competitive firm, price is given in the market. So at this price, average and marginal revenue will be the same. Hence, AR MR curves coincide and are represented through the demand curve which is a horizontal straight line. In the case of a monopoly, the downward sloping demand curve represents the AR curve. The MR curve also slopes downwards but it lies below the AR curve. If it is li mount, then it lies half the distance between the price-axis and the dema nd curve.Under both perfect competition and monopoly, the equilibrium output is set at the point of equation between MC and MA. The competitive firm attains equilibrium only when the MC curve intersects the MR curve below. Thus, it is essential that MC must be rising at and near the equilibrium output. In fact, the falling cost curves caused by change magnitude returns to scale are incompatible with competitive equilibrium output, for the firms MR curve being horizontal, the falling MC curve can never lead to a competitive equilibrium position because as the firm will be inclined to expand its size until it becomes so large that its AR and MR curves ultimately begin to fall in order to cut the continuously falling MC curve. This means that the firm will become so large that competition will become imperfect and the individual firm would be in a position to influence the price of its product by altering its own output. In short, perfect competition will cease to exist when a firm in creases its output to a very large extent in order to attain equilibrium under falling cost conditions. It may, therefore, be concluded that increasing returns to scale or a continuously downward sloping MC curve perfect competition are incompatible.It follows, thus, that a major difference between competitive equilibrium monopoly equilibrium is that while in the case of the former, the MC curve of the firm must be rising at or near the equilibrium level of output, in the case of the latter, this is not essential. A monopoly firm can attain equilibrium under any state of returns to scale or cost conditions, whether constant, rising or falling. The fundamental condition of monopoly equilibrium that must be satisfied is MC=MR, and the MC curve must intersect the MR curve from below (yet it need not necessarily be rising).Again, when we compare the equilibrium conditions of the two models, we find that the fundamental rule of profit maximization is the same, i.e., equating MC with MR , the characteristic difference lies with respect to price as average revenue and MC. Under perfect competition, price=AR=MR thus, at equilibrium output, MC=price. In monopoly, on the other move over MRMC.In a perfect normal equilibrium condition of a firm under competition in the ache run only, normal profit is realized. In the case of a monopoly, excess monopoly profit can be earned even in the long-run. In fact, the ordained difference between price and MC in a monopoly gives excess profit.In the long run, when the competitive firm gets only normal profit, it operates at the negligible point of the LAC curve. Hence the competitive firm tends to be of optimum size. A monopoly firm, on the other hand, attains equilibrium at the falling path of the AC curve, which means it doesnt utilize its plant capacity to the full extent. The excess capacity in a monopoly firm thus causes it to be of less than optimum size.Usually, the monopoly price tends to be higher while the monopoly out put smaller than that under perfect competition. A direct comparison of price and output under monopoly and competition is in time difficult because a competitive firm is just a part of the industry as a whole, while a monopoly firm is an industry itself.MONOPOLY EQULIBRIUM to a lower place DIFFERENT COST CONDITIONSFirms under all market condition achieve equilibrium at a point where MC=MR and MC is increasing or MCMR if an additional unit is produced. Under Perfect competition this is possible only if the firm is operating with increasing cost i.e. marginal cost curve is sloping upward. Equilibrium cannot be set if the marginal cost is diminish or constant.Equilibrium is possible only in fig A where both obligatory and sufficient conditions are fulfilled, whereas in B only the necessary condition is fulfilled and in C neither necessary nor sufficient conditions are satisfied. conflicting perfect competition, equilibrium of a monopoly is possible underincreasingconstant anddecre asing cost as shown in FigureFIGURE shows equilibrium of a monopoly firm with increasing cost. The firms AC and MC curves are sloping upward. MC cuts MR at E. Here MC=MR and for any additional production MCMR. Therefore firm A reaches equilibrium at point E. TR=OQ1 TP. TC=OQ1SN.Pie=NSTPFigure B, the firm reaches equilibrium at point E1 under constant cost. At point E1 MC=MR and thereafter MCMR therefore the firm stops its production. At E1. TR=OQ2T1P1. TC=OQ2E1N1.Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2Figure C explains the equilibrium under decreasing cost. Equilibrium output is determined at point E2. Where MC=MR and MCMR for any additional output. TR=OQ3T2P2. TC=OQ3S2N2Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2The firm however will not be able to decide its output if under decreasing cost its marginal cost is always below the MR curve as shown in the figure.Fig shows the indetermination of Equilibrium under decreasing cost. Here the MC is all the times below MR hence it is not possible to determine the Equilibrium ou tput. However the case shown in the above diagram may not be practical as the marginal cost cannot continuously decline and become zero.CONTROL OF MONOPOLYEvaluating the economic effects of pure monopoly or partial monopoly form the standpoint of society as a whole, on income distribution, price, output, resource assignation, technological advancement, distribution of economic power, it has been commonly observed that there are more evils aspects than benefits in a monopolistic industry as compared to a competitive industry.THE FOLLOWING POINTS MAY BE ENLISTED IN THIS CONTEXTThe monopoly price is primarily higher than the competitive price. Evidently, the consumer is exploited under a monopoly.Output under monopoly is restricted with a believe to earning the maximum economic profits. Thus, there is inefficient allocation of resources in a monopolistic industry. It entails waste of excess capacity. Only in a competitive industry there can be optimum utilization of existing plant c apacity .In short, under a monopoly a higher price is charged, a smaller output is produced the system of allocation of resources is inferior to that under perfect competition.Usually, excess profit is reaped by a monopoly firm even in the long run. A purely competitive firm, on the other hand reaps just a normal profit in the long run. By virtue of their control over market supply, monopolists can export high prices to make substantial economic profits .Excessive price charged by the monopolists is regarded as a PRIVATE TAX on consumers.On account of high profiteering by the monopolists, societys income distribution tends to be unequal unjust .The owners of monopoly business tend to become richer at the cost of the consumers. Big monopoly houses may acquire dousing of economic power ion their hands which also endangers political democracy in the country.A monopolist is supposed to be very conservative in the topic of innovation technological advancement .Since there is no thre at of competition from rivals in a monopoly market, the firm has no impulse to develop new products or introduce new techniques in production. The monopolist is satisfied with the status quo. In fact sometimes monopolists may buy up new scientific inventions patents extirpate them so to avoid rivalry. They do so in order to save loss arising from the sudden obsolescence of existing plant machinery. This tactic obviously obstructs technical emanation of the country.Monopoly monopolistic competition tend to aggravate the problem of unemployment due to under allocation of resources. The actual production frontier of the country is kept unduly over often below its potential level. This results in a low pace of economic growth in creating poverty in the midst of plentyMonopoly firm kind of often resort to unfair practices like price discrimination or cut throat competition infringement of trade marks of rivals .etc with a view to eliminating or killing potential rivals in the mar ket.Many big monopoly houses have tended to spread political economic corruption. It has been alleged that some political parties even govt. officials in India always have a soft corner for certain big business houses.METHODS OF CONTROLThey are as followsRestriction on entry of new firmsRestriction on outputMonopolists hold on price determinationMEASURES OF CONTROLThey are as followsLegislative measuresPromotion of competitionConsumers resistance forwarding driveControl of price outputFiscal measuresNationalizationCo-operative movementMisconceptions about Monopoly Pricing ProfitsIt is commonly alleged that a monopolist can charge a very high price and earn high profits because he has the control over market supply and is a price-maker. This is real not so. A monopolist cannot determine price on the basis of his supply alone. He has to consider the demand aspect as well. In fact, the monopoly price is determined by the relative strength of the forces of demand and supply. Again, while determining the equilibrium price and output, the monopolist is interested in maximum sale because he wants to maximise total profits and not unit profits. So if the demand is slack, he will have to set a low price corresponding to profit maximising condition MC = MR. Again, it is also erroneous p take it for granted that the monopolists price is always higher than the competitive price. It, in fact, depends on various considerations. If the demand is highly inelastic, while the supply is under conditions of increasing cost, ben the monopolist will restrict output in order to produce at a lower cost anchearn a higher profit. Under these circumstances, obviously, the monopoly price will be very high compared to the competitive price. For example, private monopoly is socially unhealthful in respect of production and sale of essential agricultural commodities like food-grains for which the demand is highly inelastic while the supply is under increasing costs on account of the law of diminishing returns operating on land.If, on the other hand, the demand is highly inelastic, but the supply is under increasing returns or decreasing costs condition, the monopoly price would tend to be nearer the competitive price. In such cases, monopoly can be socially tolerated. For instance, in producing comforts and highlife items, if a private monopolist invests huge capital, thereby enjoying the economies of scale so that he may supply goods at a low price at a competitive rate, then, such monopoly can be tolerated. Again, when there is a very limited market for a product, a monopolist can supply it at a lower price on account of its low cost of production due to large-scale economies than what is feasible in a competitive market by a large number of firms producing the goods on a small-scale. The competitive market price in such a case will tend to be high because though P AC, under competition, the AC itself tends to be high due to lack of economies of scale and the small-scale of production pick out by each firm. If, however, there is a monopoly which has to cater to the entire market, it would resort to a large-scale production. Hence, the output will be produced at a a great deal lower cost, so even if the monopolist sets a higher price than AC for the sake of high profit, it may relatively turn out to be lower than that of the competitive firm.Similarly, it is also incorrect to say that the monopolist can always earn abnormally high monopoly profit due to his advantageous position in the market. In many cases, demand and cost situation may not be very favourable to the monopolist, so that he cannot make profits. In the long run, the monopolist may be under the threat of new entry in his line of production, so that he may resort to price limit which gives him a lower profit but not a high maximum profit. Potential competition thus serves as a substantial constraint on the behaviour of the monopolist. Again, in some cases, the demand si tuation may be such that the demand curve or the average revenue curve in the long run may be just tangent to the LAC curve. In this case, the monopolist would earn only a normal profit (see Fig. to understand the situation).In Fig., the monopolist decides an equilibrium output OM, and charges PM price. Since the AR curve is tangent to the LAC curve at point P, Price = Average Revenue = Average Cost. Hence, the monopolist simply earns a normal profit.The only difference between such normal-profit monopoly equilibrium and competitive equilibrium is that the monopolist is producing at less than optimum size, i.e., at a higher average cost, while a competitive firm, earning normal profit, would be producing at a minimum average cost, i.e., it has an optimum size. In other words, under monopoly, even though there is just a normal profit earned, there is unutilised capacity of the plant and resources, while in a competitive firms equilibrium, the normal capacity is fully utilised.Anyway, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the monopolist cannot always earn high monopoly profits. Again, the monopolist in the long run should earn at least normal profits, otherwise he cannot survive. A monopolist finding the cost situation much above the demand consideration in the long run has no alternative but to wind up his business.

Protein Synthesis Essay -- Protein Synthesis Biology DNA Essays

Protein SynthesisProtein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. on that point are umteen cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are intravenous feeding basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the typography of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are 2 main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. bingle is transcription and the other is translation. Although these biological processes slightly differ for eukaryotes and prokaryotes, they are the basic mechanisms for which proteins are formed in all living organisms. There are four ma in levels of a protein, which make up its native conformation. The first level, primary structure, is just the basic order of all the amino acids. The amino acids are held unitedly by strong peptide bonds. The next level of protein organization is the secondary structure. This is where the primary structure is repeated folded so that it takes up less space. There are two types of folding, the first of which is beta-pleated sheets, where the primary structure would resemble continuous spikes forming a horizontal strip. The seco...